The exact date of the Maiden Tower’s construction remains one of Azerbaijan’s enduring mysteries. Scholars generally agree that the tower’s lower sections date back to the 7th–6th centuries BCE, possibly as part of a Zoroastrian fire temple or astronomical observatory, while the upper sections were reconstructed between the 12th century during the Shirvanshah dynasty.

Archaeological studies reveal layers of construction from different eras, suggesting the tower’s long-term use and modification. Some theories, such as those by Azerbaijani historian Sara Ashurbeyli, propose that it was initially a defensive structure, later repurposed for ceremonial or religious use.

Folklore gives the monument its evocative name — “Qız Qalası,” or “The Maiden Tower.” The most famous legend tells of a king’s daughter who, forced to marry against her will, leapt to her death from the tower into the Caspian Sea. Other tales interpret “maiden” as a symbol of purity and invincibility, implying that the fortress was never captured.

Ancient travelers such as Alexander Dumas, Adam Olearius, and Claude de Boisgelin wrote of the tower’s majesty and mysterious origin. Over the centuries, it has inspired countless poems, operas (including Uzeyir Hajibeyov’s “Qız Qalası”), and artworks that celebrate its mythical charm.

The Maiden Tower’s architectural form is unique across the region. Built from locally quarried limestone, its cylindrical body measures approximately 16.5 meters in diameter at the base and narrows slightly toward the top. Inside, eight levels are connected by a spiral staircase that winds up to a panoramic viewing terrace offering sweeping views over the Caspian Sea and Baku’s skyline.

A particularly fascinating feature is the vertical shaft running down the tower’s core. It is believed to have served ritual, astronomical, or defensive purposes. Archaeologists have also uncovered a deep water well inside the structure, confirming its strategic and possibly sacred role.

The tower’s robust engineering – including walls over 5 meters thick at the base – demonstrates early examples of advanced construction techniques. The alignment of the tower with the sun during equinoxes supports the theory that it once served as an astronomical calendar or fire-worship temple, aligning with the Zoroastrian reverence for celestial bodies.

Beyond its architectural mastery, the Maiden Tower stands as a national symbol of Azerbaijan, depicted on the country’s banknotes, coins, and official emblems. It represents both Baku’s antiquity and its resilience through empires and modernization.

Since its inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage list (together with Icherisheher and the Palace of the Shirvanshahs), the tower has been recognized globally as an outstanding example of the cultural continuity between pre-Islamic and Islamic civilizations in the Caucasus.

Every spring during Novruz, the tower becomes a focal point of festivities, symbolizing the rebirth of life and fire. The nearby open-air exhibitions, folklore performances, and art installations celebrate Azerbaijan’s connection between past and present.

Palace of the Shirvanshahs – another UNESCO site within walking distance.

Miniature Book Museum – one of the world’s smallest book collections.

Baku Boulevard – seafront promenade just a few minutes’ walk away.

Nizami Street & Fountains Square – lively shopping and dining area nearby.

Old City Walls & Gates – remnants of medieval Baku fortifications.